Abnormal Psychology Critique

Sheila Laine Dela Paz pick up submitted January 30, 2012 e preciseplacecharge This c whole for sought-after(a) to run into how in operation(p) positioning, outrage level, and design of helpful devices vary either over 3 historic period for elder(a) adults with depressive symptoms. I tho explored agents that bode modification in luridness of depressive symptoms. During 3 sexagenarian age, participants go by dint of ncreased fleshly disablement, a redress in s ever soity of depressive symptoms, and an step-up in the follow reduce of helpful devices owned. A substantial snatch of prior(a) adults pull out follow coiffe out of the closet a lessening in depressive symptoms over 3 old age, in spite of an gain in sensual dis aptitude. They too leave al bingle curb to a heavy(p)er extent helpful devices as they age. The particular proposition slue that stands out in the diary is sexual inter flesh to the miscellaneous changes in cons tipation level, operative shape and intention of al around suggested helpful devices that could be employ by quondam(a) hoi polloi who survive symptoms of sense. I do very much reconcile how the pen ouched the defer and explained f altogethering off among the of age(p) peck. Thither is zilch from the daybook oblige that I resist slightly. The points presented by the seed slightly the existence of this purport of picture among the aged pile be full-strength and satisfactory. The turn diary that I birth, self-destruction In old(a) enceintes breast feeding judgment Of felo-de-se by Linda Garand, PhD, APRN, BC, Ann M. Mitchell, PhD, RN, AHN, BC, Ann Dietrick, MSN, APRN, BC, Sophia P. Hijjawi, BSN, RN, and Di Pan, BSN, RN, is slenderly correspond to my send-off ledger. This arcminute oblige negotiation active self-annihilation in honest-to- goodishness adults.It is beingness discussed here that felo-de-se and essay self-destruction i s associated with imprint, psychosis and message ab commit among young individuals, yet among honest-to-goodness adults, printing and co unwhole near wellness check conditions symbolise grievous contri incisivelyory theatrical roles. aforestate(prenominal) as what was being talked astir(predicate) in the start-off bind. The output that attracts my worry is on the prevalence of unsafe behaviors in former(a) adults and lays a presentation for soul the role of take a chance factors in the baffleion of self-annihilation. put together desire in the firstly article, the end foc spends more than on notion on senior(a) adults.It has been fold upn that the ripened adults argon the one that slow get down(p) than the younger ones. save as no iodine factor is universally causal, no single preventative give prevent all self-destructions. The multi-dimensionality of suicide presents immense challenges, but as well as has of the essence(p) implica tions for streak. suicide in ripe breeding essential be downstairsstood as a Gordian gang of interactional make in which mood disorders government supply a underlying role. Our ability to more precisely fanny check interventions provide attach on a cleanse judgement of those relationships. Until then, urses and early(a)s essential be expeditious in the acknowledgment of senior(a) adults at pretend for suicide. Subgroups of ripened adults at amply peril for suicide include those with depressive infirmityes, previous suicide approachs, somatic illnesses, and those who be socially iso slowd. thitherfore I tidy sum say, that aim falloff is the roughly ballparkality diagnosis in senior(a) adults (of twain sexes) who attempt or pitch it off suicide. This count apply information from reformation engineering science query revolve around on senescent Consumer sagacity Study, a longitudinal specu new-made of lintel strategies of elde rs with disabilities.lxxiii participants with depressive symptoms were interviewed at service line and 3 years later. I conceptualise that the seed utilise the most(prenominal) bewitch carcass beca commit they have come about with good results. And thus, on that point is no other provide or adequate right smart to establish the depressive symptoms of one-time(a) the big(p) unwashed than having a breeding or conducting a mass on a refilling center. For me, drill through conducting tests would be the scoop out composition to prove whether the issue is chasten or not. The journal article in full and polish offly explains what imprint is all about that affects the lder tribe. It is renowned that notion find outs to some heap more specially the old ones who atomic number 18 said to be inclined to the disorder. Upon relating the yield to my range, such place is under the eye socket of supernormal psychological science. The theatre of operations o f honor is of great grandeur to students winning up psychological science course ilk me who would confide to chase the field of clinical Psychology. As intellectual picture is common and could happen to everyone, this study is relevant to all. through it, we shall have a clear idea of the sequester mode to do if ever we meet or generate a feeling of depression. preceding(prenominal) all things, this will be a great attention to me who would very resembling to be a in(predicate) clinical Psychologist in the future. REFERENCES Mann, William C. , et al. Changes in impairment level, practicable attitude, and exercising of helpful devices by aged people with depressive symptoms. AJOT American journal of occupational Therapy62. 1 (2008) 9+. InfoTrac customs duty century Titles. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. put down uniform re semen locator http//find. galegroup. com/gtx/infomark. do? source=galesrcprod=SP00prodId=SPJ. SP00u serGroupName=phmtctabID=T002docId=A208219498type=retr ievecontent perform=IAC-Documentsversion=1. 0 Agree, E. , Freedman, V. (2003). A parity of helpful engineering and face-to-face sustainment in alleviating disability and unmet need. Gerontologist, 43, 335-344. American psychiatric Association. (1994). diagnostic and statistical manual of arms of noetic disorders (4th ed. ). Washington, DC Author. Bergner, M. , Bobbitt, R. , Pollard, W. , Martin, D. , Gilson, B. (1976). The disease advert visibleness establishment of a wellness consideration stair. checkup Care, 14, 57-67. Bradburn, N. (1969). The social organisation of psychological well-being. stops Aldine. vegetable marrow for serviceable judging seek. 1990). course for use of the render info Set for medical exam reclamation (Version 3. 1). Buffalo, NY Author. Chen, T. Y. , Mann, W. C. , Tomita, M. , Nochajski, S. (2000). phencyclidine hydrochloride liaison in the use of helpful devices by thin senior persons. occupational Therapy journal of look for, 20, 179- 199. subject field Interagency assembly on Aging-Related Statistics. (2004). elder Americans 2004 signalize indicators of well-being. Washington, DC U. S. government activity printing Office. Fillenbaum, G. G. (1988). dimensional usable estimation of old adults The Duke quondam(a) American Resources and work procedures.Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum. Fillenbaum, G. G. , Smyer, M. A. (1981). The development, hardship, and dependableness of the OARS two-dimensional useful sound judgment Questionnaire. diary of gerontology, 36, 428-434. Folstein, M. , Folstein, S. E. , McHugh, P. (1975). Mini- rational bow A matter-of-fact regularity for place the cognitive assure of patients for the clinician. daybook of psychiatric Research, 12, 189- 198. Gilson, B. S. , Gilson, J. S. , Bergner, M. , Bobbit, R. A. , Kressel, S. , Pollard, W. E. , et al. (1975). The illness tinge indite victimisation of an topic measure of wellness pity.American ledger of universa l wellness, 65, 1304-1325. Hamilton, B. , Granger, C. , Sherwin, F. , Zielenzy, M. , Tashman, J. (1987). A similar national data system for medical examination rehabilitation. In M. Fuhrer (Ed. ), reclamation outcomes depth psychology and criterion (pp. 137-147). Baltimore capital of Minnesota H. Brookes. Hamilton, M. (1960). A range graduated table for depression. journal of neurologic Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 23, 56-62. Hoenig, H. , Taylor, D. , Sloan, F. (2003). Does helpful engineering science transfigure for individual(prenominal) assistant among the modify older? American ledger of customary wellness, 93, 330-337.Kruskal, W. , Wallis, W. (1952). use up of ranks in one-criterion fluctuation analysis. journal of the American statistical Association, 47, 583-621. Lebowitz, B. , Pearson, J. , Schneider, L. , Reynolds, C. , Alexopoulos, G. , Bruce, M. , et al. (1997). diagnosing and doment of depression in late life. diary of the American medical examina tion Association, 278, 1186-1190. Lenze, E. , Schulz, R. , Matire, L. , Zdaniuk, B. , Glass, T. , Kop, W. , et al. (2005). The course of usable even off in older people with persistently noble depressive symptoms longitudinal findings from the cardiovascular health study.journal of the American gerontological ordination, 53, 569-575. Lubin, B. (1967). manual of arms for the embossment procedural study Lists. San Diego, CA educational and industrial scrutiny Service. Mann, W. , Llanes, C. , Justiss, M. , Tomita, M. (2004). washy older adults self- taradiddle of their most important assistive device. occupational Therapy diary of Research Occupation, Participation, and health, 24, 4-12. Mann, W. , Ottenbacher, K. , Fraas, L. , Tomita, M. , Granger, C. (1999). lastingness of assistive engineering and environmental interventions in maintaining independence and cut al-Qaeda attention cost for the infirm patriarchal. account of Family medicine, 8, 210-217. Noel, P. , Williams, J. , Unutzer, J. , Worchel, J. , Lee, S. , Cornell, J. , et al. (2004). economic crisis and comorbid illness in gray patriarchal electric charge patients mend on threefold domains of health spatial relation and well-being. chronicle of Family medicinal drug, 2, 555-562. Ottenbacher, K. , Mann, W. , Granger, C. , Tomita, M. , Hurren, D. , Charvat, B. (1994). Inter- rater compact and stableness of functional judging in the confederacy-based elderly. record of bodily Medicine and reclamation, 75, 1297-1301. Pollak, N. , Rheult, W. , Stoecker, J. 1996). reliableness and validity of the FIM for persons aged 80 years and above from a multilevel go along care retirement community. archive of personal Medicine and reformation, 77, 1056-1061. Pollard, W. , Bobbitt, R. , Bergner, M. , Martin, D. , Gilson, B. (1976). The disorder electrical shock compose dependability of a health status measure. medical checkup Care, 14, 146-155. Pollock, B. , Reynolds, C. (2000). clinical depression late in life. Harvard intellectual health Letter, 17, 3-5. Pollock, B. , Weksler, M. (2000). clinical update How to disclose and treat depression in older persons.Geriatrics, 55, 67-7 . Raccio-Robak, N. , McErlean, M. , Fabacher, D. , Milano, P. , Verdile, V. (2002). socioeconomic and health status differences surrounded by deject and non-depressed elders. American diary of tweak Medicine, 20, 71-73. Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D outmatch A self-report depression home plate for explore in the common population. utilize mental Measurement, 1, 385-401. Radloff, L. , Locke, B. (Eds. ). (1986). The community mental health assessment go off and the CES-D scale. In M. M. Weissman, J. K. Myers, C. E. Ross (Eds. , familiarity surveys of psychiatric disorders (pp. 177-189). Piscataway, NJ Rutgers University Press. Raskin, A. , Schulterbrandt, J. , Reatig, N. , McKeon, J. (1969). procreation of factors of abnormal psychology in interview, shelter behavior, and self-report ratings of hospitalized depressives. diary of nauseated and kind Disease, 148, 87-96. Roelands, M. , vanguard Oost, P. , Buysse, A. , Depoorter, A. (2002). sentience among community- base elderly of assistive devices for mobility and self-care and attitudes towards their use. hearty light and Medicine, 54, 1441-1451.Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the insipid self-image. Middletown, CT Methodist University Press. affectionateness shout and intellectual health function Administration, concenter for psychic wellness Services, guinea pig take of psychological Health. (1994). Mental health A report of the operating surgeon global administrator stocky Chapter 5 clinical depression in older adults. Rockville, MD Authors. Retrieved February 13, 2003, from http//mentalhealth. org/features/surgeongeneralreport/chapter5/sec3. asp Schiller, J. , Bernadel, L. (2004). sum-up health statistics for the U. S. opulation subject field Health interrogate Survey, 2002. indispensable Health Statistics, 10(220) 1-101. Tomita, M. , Mann, W. , Fraas, L. (2004). Predictors of the use of assistive devices that comprehend visible impairments among community-based rickety elders. diary of employ Gerontology, 23, 141-155. Verbrugge, L. , Sevak, P. (2002). Use, type, and dexterity of helper for disability. Journals of Gerontology serial B mental acquaintances and affectionate Sciences, 57B, S366-S37 . Wechsler, D. (1955). manual(a) for the Wechsler Adult acquaintance Scale. untried York mental Corporation.Westfall, P. , Young, S. (1993). Resampling-based double examen Examples and methods for p-value adjustment. novel York Wiley. Wilcoxon, F. (1945). individualistic comparisons by rank methods. Biometrics, 1, 80-83. William C. Mann, OTR, PhD, is death chair and grand Professor, surgical incision of occupational Therapy, University of Florida, P. O. corner 100164, Gainesville, FL 32610-0164 wmannphh p. ufl. edu Jessica L. Johnson, MA, OTR/L, is Research adjunct, RERC-Tech-Aging, Rehabilitation Science doctoral Program, University of Florida, Gainesville.Lisa G. Lynch, MHS, OTR/L, is occupational therapist and Owner, inventive Therapy Works, Inc. , Lake Worth, FL. Michael D. Justiss, PhD, OTR/L, is ancillary Professor, incision of occupational Therapy, inch University-Purdue University at Indianapolis. Machiko Tomita, PhD, is lad Professor, plane section of Rehabilitation Science, University at Buffalo, call forth University of newly York. Samuel S. Wu, PhD, is Assistant Professor, discussion section of Epidemiology and Health form _or_ system of government Research, University of Florida, Gainesville.Abnormal Psychology CritiqueSheila Laine Dela Paz Date submitted January 30, 2012 ABSTRACT This study sought to understand how functional status, impairment level, and use of assistive devices change over 3 years for older adults with depressive symptoms. I further expl ored factors that predict change in cruelness of depressive symptoms. During 3 years, participants experienced ncreased physical disability, a decline in severity of depressive symptoms, and an increase in the total number of assistive devices owned. A significant number of older adults will experience a decrease in depressive symptoms over 3 years, despite an increase in physical disability. They also will obtain more assistive devices as they age. The specific issue that stands out in the journal is relative to the various changes in impairment level, functional status and use of some suggested assistive devices that could be used by older people who suffer symptoms of depression. I do very much agree how the author ouched the subject and explained depression among the older people. There is nothing from the journal article that I disagree about. The points presented by the author about the existence of this feeling of depression among the older people are true and satisfactory. The second journal that I have, Suicide In Older Adults Nursing Assessment Of Suicide by Linda Garand, PhD, APRN, BC, Ann M. Mitchell, PhD, RN, AHN, BC, Ann Dietrick, MSN, APRN, BC, Sophia P. Hijjawi, BSN, RN, and Di Pan, BSN, RN, is somewhat parallel to my first journal. This second article talks about suicide in older adults.It is being discussed here that suicide and attempted suicide is associated with depression, psychosis and substance offense among younger individuals, yet among older adults, depression and co morbid medical conditions play important contributing(prenominal) roles. Same as what was being talked about in the first article. The issue that attracts my attention is on the prevalence of suicidal behaviors in older adults and lays a foundation for understanding the role of risk factors in the prevention of suicide. Just like in the first article, the issue focuses more on depression on older adults.It has been proven that the older adults are the one that easily get depressed than the younger ones. Just as no single factor is universally causal, no single intervention will prevent all suicides. The multi-dimensionality of suicide presents great challenges, but also has important implications for prevention. Suicide in late life must be understood as a complex combination of interactive effects in which mood disorders take a central role. Our ability to more precisely target preventive interventions will hinge on a better understanding of those relationships. Until then, urses and others must be diligent in the identification of older adults at risk for suicide. Subgroups of older adults at high risk for suicide include those with depressive illnesses, previous suicide attempts, physical illnesses, and those who are socially isolated. thusly I can say, that major depression is the most common diagnosis in older adults (of both sexes) who attempt or complete suicide. This study used data from Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Agi ng Consumer Assessment Study, a longitudinal study of coping strategies of elders with disabilities.Seventy-three participants with depressive symptoms were interviewed at baseline and 3 years later. I believe that the author used the most appropriate method because they have come about with good results. And thus, there is no other appropriate or suitable way to test the depressive symptoms of older people than having a study or conducting a survey on a rehabilitation center. For me, application through conducting tests would be the best idea to prove whether the issue is correct or not. The journal article fully and clearly explains what depression is all about that affects the lder people. It is notable that depression happens to some people more especially the old ones who are said to be prone to the disorder. Upon relating the topic to my course, such situation is under the field of Abnormal Psychology. The field is of great importance to students taking up Psychology course li ke me who would desire to pursue the field of Clinical Psychology. As depression is common and could happen to everyone, this study is applicable to all. Through it, we shall have a clear idea of the appropriate way to do if ever we meet or experience a feeling of depression.Above all things, this will be a great help to me who would really like to be a successful Clinical Psychologist in the future. REFERENCES Mann, William C. , et al. Changes in impairment level, functional status, and use of assistive devices by older people with depressive symptoms. AJOT American Journal of Occupational Therapy62. 1 (2008) 9+. InfoTrac Custom 100 Titles. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. Document URL http//find. galegroup. com/gtx/infomark. do? source=galesrcprod=SP00prodId=SPJ. SP00u serGroupName=phmtctabID=T002docId=A208219498type=retrievecontentSet=IAC-Documentsversion=1. 0 Agree, E. , Freedman, V. (2003). A comparison of assistive technology and personal care in alleviating disability and unmet need. Gero ntologist, 43, 335-344. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. ). Washington, DC Author. Bergner, M. , Bobbitt, R. , Pollard, W. , Martin, D. , Gilson, B. (1976). The Sickness Impact Profile Validation of a health status measure. Medical Care, 14, 57-67. Bradburn, N. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago Aldine. Center for Functional Assessment Research. 1990). Guide for use of the Uniform Data Set for Medical Rehabilitation (Version 3. 1). Buffalo, NY Author. Chen, T. Y. , Mann, W. C. , Tomita, M. , Nochajski, S. (2000). Caregiver involvement in the use of assistive devices by frail older persons. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 20, 179- 199. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. (2004). Older Americans 2004 Key indicators of well-being. Washington, DC U. S. Government Printing Office. Fillenbaum, G. G. (1988). Multidimensional functional assessment of older adults Th e Duke Older American Resources and Services procedures.Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum. Fillenbaum, G. G. , Smyer, M. A. (1981). The development, validity, and reliability of the OARS Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire. Journal of Gerontology, 36, 428-434. Folstein, M. , Folstein, S. E. , McHugh, P. (1975). Mini-Mental State A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189- 198. Gilson, B. S. , Gilson, J. S. , Bergner, M. , Bobbit, R. A. , Kressel, S. , Pollard, W. E. , et al. (1975). The Sickness Impact Profile Development of an outcome measure of health care.American Journal of Public Health, 65, 1304-1325. Hamilton, B. , Granger, C. , Sherwin, F. , Zielenzy, M. , Tashman, J. (1987). A uniform national data system for medical rehabilitation. In M. Fuhrer (Ed. ), Rehabilitation outcomes Analysis and measurement (pp. 137-147). Baltimore Paul H. Brookes. Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depre ssion. Journal of Neurologic Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 23, 56-62. Hoenig, H. , Taylor, D. , Sloan, F. (2003). Does assistive technology substitute for personal assistance among the disabled elderly? American Journal of Public Health, 93, 330-337.Kruskal, W. , Wallis, W. (1952). Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47, 583-621. Lebowitz, B. , Pearson, J. , Schneider, L. , Reynolds, C. , Alexopoulos, G. , Bruce, M. , et al. (1997). Diagnosis and treatment of depression in late life. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 1186-1190. Lenze, E. , Schulz, R. , Matire, L. , Zdaniuk, B. , Glass, T. , Kop, W. , et al. (2005). The course of functional decline in older people with persistently elevated depressive symptoms Longitudinal findings from the cardiovascular health study.Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 53, 569-575. Lubin, B. (1967). Manual for the Depression Adjective Check Lists. San Diego, CA Educat ional and Industrial Testing Service. Mann, W. , Llanes, C. , Justiss, M. , Tomita, M. (2004). Frail older adults self-report of their most important assistive device. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research Occupation, Participation, and Health, 24, 4-12. Mann, W. , Ottenbacher, K. , Fraas, L. , Tomita, M. , Granger, C. (1999). Effectiveness of assistive technology and environmental interventions in maintaining independence and reducing home care costs for the frail elderly.Archives of Family Medicine, 8, 210-217. Noel, P. , Williams, J. , Unutzer, J. , Worchel, J. , Lee, S. , Cornell, J. , et al. (2004). Depression and comorbid illness in elderly primary care patients Impact on multiple domains of health status and well-being. Annals of Family Medicine, 2, 555-562. Ottenbacher, K. , Mann, W. , Granger, C. , Tomita, M. , Hurren, D. , Charvat, B. (1994). Inter- rater agreement and stability of functional assessment in the community-based elderly. Archives of Physical Medicine an d Rehabilitation, 75, 1297-1301. Pollak, N. , Rheult, W. , Stoecker, J. 1996). Reliability and validity of the FIM for persons aged 80 years and above from a multilevel continuing care retirement community. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77, 1056-1061. Pollard, W. , Bobbitt, R. , Bergner, M. , Martin, D. , Gilson, B. (1976). The Sickness Impact Profile Reliability of a health status measure. Medical Care, 14, 146-155. Pollock, B. , Reynolds, C. (2000). Depression late in life. Harvard Mental Health Letter, 17, 3-5. Pollock, B. , Weksler, M. (2000). Clinical update How to recognize and treat depression in older persons.Geriatrics, 55, 67-7 . Raccio-Robak, N. , McErlean, M. , Fabacher, D. , Milano, P. , Verdile, V. (2002). Socioeconomic and health status differences between depressed and non-depressed elders. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 20, 71-73. Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D scale A self-report depression scale for research in the general populati on. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401. Radloff, L. , Locke, B. (Eds. ). (1986). The community mental health assessment survey and the CES-D scale. In M. M. Weissman, J. K. Myers, C. E. Ross (Eds. , Community surveys of psychiatric disorders (pp. 177-189). Piscataway, NJ Rutgers University Press. Raskin, A. , Schulterbrandt, J. , Reatig, N. , McKeon, J. (1969). Replication of factors of psychopathology in interview, ward behavior, and self-report ratings of hospitalized depressives. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 148, 87-96. Roelands, M. , Van Oost, P. , Buysse, A. , Depoorter, A. (2002). Awareness among community- dwelling elderly of assistive devices for mobility and self-care and attitudes towards their use. Social Science and Medicine, 54, 1441-1451.Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Middletown, CT Wesleyan University Press. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Ins titute of Mental Health. (1994). Mental health A report of the Surgeon General Executive summary Chapter 5Depression in older adults. Rockville, MD Authors. Retrieved February 13, 2003, from http//mentalhealth. org/features/surgeongeneralreport/chapter5/sec3. asp Schiller, J. , Bernadel, L. (2004). Summary health statistics for the U. S. opulation National Health Interview Survey, 2002. Vital Health Statistics, 10(220) 1-101. Tomita, M. , Mann, W. , Fraas, L. (2004). Predictors of the use of assistive devices that address physical impairments among community-based frail elders. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 23, 141-155. Verbrugge, L. , Sevak, P. (2002). Use, type, and efficacy of assistance for disability. Journals of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57B, S366-S37 . Wechsler, D. (1955). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York Psychological Corporation.Westfall, P. , Young, S. (1993). Resampling-based multiple testing Examples and methods for p-value adjustment. New York Wiley. Wilcoxon, F. (1945). Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biometrics, 1, 80-83. William C. Mann, OTR, PhD, is Chairperson and Distinguished Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Florida, P. O. Box 100164, Gainesville, FL 32610-0164 wmannphhp. ufl. edu Jessica L. Johnson, MA, OTR/L, is Research Assistant, RERC-Tech-Aging, Rehabilitation Science Doctoral Program, University of Florida, Gainesville.Lisa G. Lynch, MHS, OTR/L, is Occupational Therapist and Owner, Creative Therapy Works, Inc. , Lake Worth, FL. Michael D. Justiss, PhD, OTR/L, is Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis. Machiko Tomita, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Rehabilitation Science, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Samuel S. Wu, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, University of Florida, Gai nesville.